标签存档： 代写论文

代写论文：培训方法

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代写论文：培训方法

这篇文献综述旨在研究员工培训的各种方法及其在工作场所激励员工的重要性，并最终帮助他们提高绩效。对于任何工作场所的成功来说，劳动力的培训都是不可或缺的，无论其背景，经验或角色如何。

审查应从探讨员工培训的基本概念开始，为什么这对员工和组织都至关重要。进一步制定本组织员工培训的具体计划，以及员工如何积极参与本计划。

员工培训的意义

英文词典清楚地将员工培训定义为培训一个组织的员工队伍，以提高他们的知识，从而提高他们在工作中的表现。

培训是通过教学和实践的方法将个人转化为理想的技能和能力标准的过程（Sansone＆Harackiewicz，2000：201-213）。从而意味着培训增强了接受培训的人的天赋，也增加了新技能，并删除了不必要的态度和行为。

当一个组织聘请一个员工时，他们需要把这个人引导到这个企业，然后在分配角色和责任给他们之前对他进行培训。因此，培训应包括传授与工作职能领域有关的知识，并教育其他复杂的细节，如组织文化，规范和实践等基本理念，以帮助员工顺利地转化为既定角色之前的工作场所或环境

很多时候，被聘用人员需要在当前工作场所使用的新技术，工具和材料以及组织的战略和目标方面获得帮助。

代写论文：培训方法

This literature review is intended to study the various methods of staff training and its importance in the workplace with respect to motivating the staff and eventually helping in enhancing their performance. Training of workforce is quite integral to the success of any workplace regardless of their background, experience or role.

The review shall begin by exploring the basic concepts of staff training and why it is essential for both the staff and the organization. Further a plan shall be designed on how exactly the training shall be implemented for the employees of this organization and how the staff may be motivated to take active participation in the programme.

THE MEANING OF STAFF TRAINING

The English dictionary plainly defines staff training as the training of the workforce of an organization in order to enhance their knowledge and thereby their performance at work.

Training is the process of transforming an individual to a desired standard of skill and ability through the methods of instruction and practice (Sansone&Harackiewicz, 2000: 201-213). It thereby means that training enhances the inborn talents of the person undergoing it and also enables the addition of new skills and the deletion of unwanted attitudes and behaviours as well.

When an organization employs a staff they would need to induct that person to the business and then train the person before assigning roles and responsibilities to them. The training shall thus involve imparting of knowledge with respect to the functional area of the job and educating the person on other intricate details like the organizational culture, norms and practices and other basic ideas that shall help the employee transform into the given role smoothly from their prior workplace or setting.

Many a time the hired person shall need to be assisted on the new techniques, tools and materials that are in use at the current workplace and also the strategies and objectives of the organization.

 

 

澳洲代写论文：员工队伍多元化

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澳洲代写论文：员工队伍多元化

本文的目的在于体现我对多元化人力资源管理理念的理解。很显然，在当今全球化的时代，组织在劳动力管理方面面临着代际差异方面的诸多挑战。这意味着随着全球化的加剧，组织中劳动力的多样化也在增加（Wright，2014）。这导致越来越需要有适当的人力资源管理策略来处理多元化的管理。管理多样化对平衡工作环境极为重要，因为文化规范和价值观的差异会导致冲突的抬头。

因此，在本文中，我将以我自己的经验为基础进行思考，而我在澳大利亚零售连锁店David Jones Limited兼职工作。这家公司是澳大利亚百货高档连锁店。该组织以多样化的员工队伍为客户展现出巨大的承诺而着称。

就这个组织而言，我将重点讨论组织中人力资源管理的当前战略，组织中不同类别的多元化员工，并批判性地评估人力资源管理评估活动是否满足员工的需求。随后分析和收集事实，我将重点提供一些建议，帮助组织应对多元化的劳动力挑战。

澳洲代写论文：员工队伍多元化

The intention of this paper is focused on reflecting my understanding over the concept of human resource management in diversified workforce. It is evident that in the current era of globalization, organizations are seen facing a number of challenges with respect to management of inter- generational differences within the work force. This means that with the increase of globalization, there has been an increase in the diversification of work force in organizations as well (Wright, 2014). This has resulted in increasing the need for having appropriate strategies of human resource management in order to deal with the management of diversification. Management of diversification is extremely important for balancing the environment at work, as differences in cultural norms and values can result in the rise of conflicts.

Thus, in this essay, I will provide a reflection on the basis of my own experience while I was working on part time basis in the Australian retail store chain, David Jones Limited. This company is an upscale chain of departmental store in Australia. The organization is known for showing huge commitment towards the customers that is initiated by the diversified workforce.

In the light of this organization, I will focus on discussing the current strategy of HRM in the organization, different categories of diversified employees within the organization, and critically reviewing the activities of HRM assessing if these meet the needs of the workforce. Followed by this analysis and collection of facts, I will focus on providing certain recommendations that can help the organization in dealing with a number of challenges related to diversified work force.

代写论文：澳大利亚的市场实践

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代写论文：澳大利亚的市场实践
2005澳大利亚–美国自由贸易协定（AUSFTA）成为有效和2010双边商品与服务贸易增加到500亿美元。美国在澳大利亚的出口额增加到220亿美元。2010澳大利亚是第十个最大的投资者在美国澳大利亚的市场是高度投机的美国企业必须充分重视的一个机会，提供了发达国家如美国相比，欠发达国家的经济体的购买力相关的宏观措施（berecki吉索夫，2012）。由于自由贸易协定，美国公司在澳大利亚市场有很强的进入和扩张的机会。美国的货物和服务需求与美国的公司一起创造了强大的澳元储备。美国公司对澳大利亚创新和技术先进产品的需求呈上升趋势。
目前澳大利亚市场已成为国际市场的一个组成部分，成为该地区的商业和金融中心。对于美国公司来说，在澳大利亚有许多竞争对手公司，一些国内和其他一些国家已经建立了强大的品牌形象和强大的社会网络和与供应商的关系。来自全球的低成本生产商已经在澳大利亚市场准入（李佩尔，2012）。因此，像IBM这样的公司计划在澳大利亚扩张，以提供一些附加价值的优势来展示他们的产品和服务，以便建立一个独特的公司形象，以及克服进入澳大利亚市场与其他竞争公司竞争的成本是至关重要的。

代写论文：澳大利亚的市场实践
In 2005 the Australia –U.S. Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA) became effective and by 2010 the trade of bilateral goods and services increased to US$ 50 billion. The export of U.S. goods in Australia increased to $ 22 billion. In 2010 Australia was the tenth largest investor in U.S. The market of Australia is highly opportunistic so the American firms must pay full attention to the macro measures associated with an opportunity which provides the developed country like U.S more purchasing power in comparison to countries with less developed economies (Berecki-Gisolf, 2012). Due to the Free Trade Agreement U.S. companies have strong chances of effectively entering and expanding in the market of Australia. The demand for goods and services of America creates reserves of strong Australian dollar with the companies of America. The demand for innovative and technologically advanced products in Australia of American companies is showing an increasing trend.
Australian market at present is an integral part of the international market by being the commercial and financial center for the region. For American companies there are many competitor firms in Australia some domestic and some of other countries which are already established in the country with strong brand image and strong social network and relationships with suppliers. The low cost producers from the world are already in access with Australian market (Lippel, 2012). Thus it is essential for the companies like IBM planning to expand in Australia to present their products and services with some value added advantages so as to build a distinctive image of the company and for overcoming the cost of entry into the market of Australia for competing with other rivalry firms.

澳洲代写论文：《达格南》电影背景

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澳洲代写论文：《达格南》电影背景

《达格南》是2010年上映的电影，描述了1968年女性员工的状况。电影的主角是丽塔·奥格雷迪，他在达格南的福特汽车公司工作。她从事汽车座椅缝合线的工作;同样的任务也由许多人完成。从事同样工作的女士被认为是不熟练的，而从事同样工作的男性则是半熟练的，因此在支付方面也存在巨大的差异。同样的任务，女性的薪水比男性低得多。丽塔·奥格雷迪(Rita O ‘ grady)也是一名工会成员，她决定不受这种歧视，争取女性员工的权利(Colgan,2011)。她无畏地决定对管理层发起罢工，以结束这种歧视。所有的女员工都同意在罢工中支持丽塔，并恢复他们的权利。

电影进一步继续各种策略由福特取消罢工除以员工,威胁他们对家庭和个人损失等。然而,随着丽塔的所有其他女性员工被确定,没有感动任何策略的管理。由于所有的女员工都决定从工作中工作，所以座位的数量没有达到要求。最后，政府高层官员一定会介入并解决这个问题。他们做出了一些不太受福特赏识的决定，但却是必要的(康利，2014)。他们制定了法律规定，不论性别，都应该平等地支付同样的工作。

澳洲代写论文：《达格南》电影背景

Made in Dagenham was the movie which released in the year 2010 and depicted the status of women employees in the year 1968. The main character of the film was Rita O’Grady who worked at Ford Motors plant in Dagenham. She was in the job of stitching covers for car seats; the same task was done by many of the men too. The ladies performing the same job were considered as unskilled whereas men doing the same tasks were semi-skilled and hence there was huge difference in the payment too. The women were paid much less than men for the same task. Rita O’Grady who was also a union member decided not to suffer this discrimination and fight for the rights of the female employees (Colgan, 2011). She fearlessly decided to call a strike against management to end this discrimination. All the women employees agreed to support Rita in the strike and get their rights back.

The movie further continues with various strategies played by Ford to cancel the strike by dividing the employees, threaten them with respect to family and personal losses etc. However, along with Rita all the other women employees were determined and were not moved by any of the tactics of the management. Since all the women workers decided to work out from the work, the number of seat covers at fall short of the requirement. At last, the higher officials from the government were bound to intervene and solve the issue. They took some decisions which were not much appreciated by Ford, but were necessary (Conley, 2014). They made laws which stated that equal payment should be made for the same and equal type of work irrespective of gender.

代写论文：沃尔玛经营

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代写论文：沃尔玛经营

1、政治因素：公司经营世界各地，公司需要遵守不同国家的规章制度。沃尔玛经营的亚洲国家有许多困难。税率对公司销售的主要影响。像印度这样的县不允许沃尔玛在本国开展业务，因为这将影响到他们的本地市场。此外，在许多国家，税率很高，提高了产品的最终价格（鲍尔，2010）。可以举例说明，由于国家的政治影响，在关闭行动的过程中可以解释这一点。沃尔玛收购bahrti Airtel是领先的电信公司和封闭2009操作。

2、经济因素：沃尔玛经营的国家的经济状况对公司的经营产生了积极或消极的影响。像英国这样的国家在2008和2009年间面临经济衰退。这对公司的销售产生了负面影响。在美国，由于失业率、消费水平的提高、通货膨胀率的提高、居民可支配收入的下降以及经济的放缓，该公司面临着类似的问题。在这种情况下，公司的运作不能顺利进行（泰勒，2008）。

3、社会因素：每个国家都有不同的社会背景和民族结构。这样，公司就必须与每个国家的社会因素相融合。国家的地方文化是公司整体业绩的重要指标。社会因素如人口、年龄增长、收入水平和社会的其他方面（stanehouse，2004）。

代写论文：沃尔玛经营

1.Political factor: the company is operating worldwide and the company needs to abide by rules and regulations of different countries. Asian countries in which Wal-mart is operating have many difficulties. Tax rates have influenced majorly on the sales of the company. County like India are not allowing Wal-mart to start the operations in their country because this will impact their local market. Along with this, in many countries tax rates are high that increases the final prices of the products (Bauer, 2010). An example can be taken that explains in the shutting of operations because of political influence in the country. Wal-mart acquired with Bahrti Airtel which is the leading telecommunication company and closed the operations in 2009.

2.Economic factors: An economic condition of the countries in which Wal-mart is operating brings positive or negative impact on the operations of the company. Countries like UK have faced economic down turn during the years of 2008 and 2009. This drew negative impacts on the sales of the company. In US the company is facing similar issues because of unemployment rates, higher level of consumption, increase rate of inflation, low disposable income of people and economic slowdown in the country. In these conditions operations of the company cannot be performed smoothly (Taylor, 2008).

3.Social factor: every country has different social backgrounds and ethnic structures. In this way the company has to merge with the social factors of every country. Local culture of the country is an important indicator for the overall performance of the company. Social factors like Population, age, growth, income level and other aspects of the society (Stanehouse, 2004).

代写论文：价值链分析

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代写论文：价值链分析

乐高集团进行价值链分析，以确定如何为客户购买其玩具提供最大可获得的价值。价值链分析涉及三个步骤：

活动分析：在这方面，组织必须分析哪些业务活动会带来更多的玩具利润和销售量，哪些是要控制或淘汰的活动会导致亏损。为了增加乐高集团的品牌形象，他们探索了新的机会和业务活动，如设立乐高媒体，开发电子游戏软件。例如，1998年发生的影响销售停滞的活动，导致了集团首次出现金融危机，需要进行评估和排除（Reynolds，T.J。，＆Olson，J.C。（编辑），2001）。

价值分析：在这个阶段，分析每个产品的最高价值。乐高集团在其中引入“健身计划”，精简生产方式，降低组织层次，承担更多责任，高度关注客户。为了给客户提供更多的价值和获得良好的客户基础，集团推出了乐高星球大战，乐高乐富品牌等新型改良产品。

进行评估和规划：应对团队的产品线进行评估和适当的分析，并确定是否需要做出任何修改以达到最佳效果，并据此计划进行必要的行动（Mintzberg，H 1994）。

价值主张：分析每个产品线的价值主张是乐高集团业务战略中至关重要的一个方面。因此，在2004年，乐高产品的零售销售利润率达到了19％。整体收入增长约35％来自乐高星球大战产品线的销量贡献。

代写论文：价值链分析

A value chain analysis is carried out by The Lego Group, so as to determine how the maximum attainable value can be offered to the customers for purchasing its toys. A value chain analysis involves three steps:

Activity Analysis: In this aspect, the organization has to analyse which all business activities will lead to more profits and sales volume of toys and which all activities that are to be controlled or eliminated which will lead to loss. In order to increase the brand image of The Lego Group, they explored new opportunities and business activities like setting up of LEGO media, developing video game software. For instance, the activities affected the sales stagnation happened in 1998, which lead to the first ever financial crisis of the group, has to be evaluated and removed (Reynolds, T. J., & Olson, J. C. (Eds.), 2001)..

Value Analysis: In this phase, the highest value that each product can come out with is analysed. Lego Group’s introduction of Fitness Program in which, the main focus of streamlining the production method, lowering organizational layers, to take up more responsibilities and high focus on customers. For giving more value to the customers and to get a good customer base, the group introduced new and improved products like LEGO Star Wars, LEGO DUPLO brand and so on.

Go Evaluation and Planning: Evaluation and proper analysis of the product lines of the group ought to be done and gauged whether any modifications have to be made so as to achieve optimal results and planned accordingly to carry out requisite actions (Mintzberg, H 1994).

Value Proposition: Analysing the value proposition for each product line is a crucial aspect in the business strategy of Lego Group. As a result of this, in 2004, Lego products earned 19% profit margins from retail selling. Around 35 percent of the overall revenue growth was from the contribution of sales volume of LEGO Star Wars product line.

澳洲代写论文：故事的意义

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澳洲代写论文：故事的意义

同样，在小牛的情况下，迷失的心理可视化与维克斯犊牛的相似之处相似。它被描述成线条 – “有一道明亮的光芒，猫头鹰正像一对灯笼一样，黄色的眼睛正在坐在门上。他告诉我，牛犊正在另一个病马厩里。“在这里，作者的尝试是说明主角的梦想是他自己心中的方向寻找元素（Stone，1965）。

愿景与不确定性

这些故事叙述者的想象世界是关于自我意识和理解的。故事情节的方向发现方面描绘了现实世界的到来和梦想世界的消失。不确定性的悬念是短篇小说中可以识别的另一个方面，尤其是在辛克莱的小说“小牛”的情况下，读者的思想不断围绕这个问题展开：什么是真正在后面的摊位？在阿拉比的情况下，不确定性是围绕男孩是否能够见到女孩（Esterhammer，1992）。

结论

经典的主题代表了童年到青春期的年龄因素。乔伊斯和罗斯对文学小说的传奇写照代表了青春期的奇异冲动，但是情节和背景各不相同。将虚构的世界变为实用的世界，在短篇小说中深刻地体现了一个冒险的场景和很好的人物刻画。主要部分是关于最后在叙述者面前闪现的实现。

澳洲代写论文：故事的意义

Similarly, in case of one’s Heifer a mystifying psychological visualization of the lost ones got united with likeness or similarities related to calves of Vickers. It had been depicted in the lines- “There was a bright light suddenly sand the owl was sitting over the door with his yellow eyes like a pair of lanterns. The calves, he told me were in the other stall with the sick colt”. Here, the author’s attempt is to illustrate that the dream of the protagonist is the direction-finding element in his own mind (Stone, 1965).

Vision and Uncertainty

The imaginary worlds of both the narrators in these stories are about the self consciousness and understanding. The direction-finding aspects of the storyline portray the arrival of real world and disappearance of the dream world. Suspense with uncertainty is another aspect which can be identified in both the short stories, especially in case of Sinclair’s One’s a Heifer the minds of readers continuously revolve around the question which is- What is really at the back the stall? In case of Araby, the uncertainty revolves around whether the boy will be able to meet the girl or not (Esterhammer, 1992).

CONCLUSION

The theme of both the classics represents the age factor which is the transformation of childhood into adolescence. Both Joyce and Ross in their legendary portrayal of literary fiction represent the strange impulses in the adolescent stage but with different plots and situational backgrounds. The alteration of the imaginary world into pragmatic world is profoundly represented in both the short stories with an adventurous setting and nice characterization. The main part is about the realization which at the end flashes in front of the narrators.

澳洲代写论文：性别认同

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澳洲代写论文：性别认同

字面上的后现代主义意味着它是现代主义之后的时代。后现代主义实际上是一个不同定义的潘多拉盒子。实际上把后现代主义的概念封闭起来是非常困难的。对象的象征有许多定义，取决于个人的世界观。传统主义者对这种后现代观念给社会规范带来的意识形态变化也普遍感到不适。 ESP。青年人挑战社会的方式。

“对青年风格和时尚的后现代叙述可以作出的批评是，在他们试图解构早期的结构主义者时，他们同时把风格的概念解释为一种集体的感性”（Bennet 2005，p.103）

例如，如果一个女人在穿衣服时漏出很多皮肤，那么她被认为是一个不值得尊敬的人，但是在这个后现代主义时代，它可以用来代表女性的勇气，她试图打破和表达她的陈词滥调个人主义。 （Oatley，2011）在后现代主义中，有些因素被描述为并不十分明显。根据自己的智力和世界观，个人能够找到很多隐含的含义。

“服装的选择部分就是表达自己的身份。然而，简单地把服装的选择看作是一种表达，在某种程度上，认同是一种处理一个复杂的身份形成问题的过于简单的方法“（Kratz 1998，p.194）

正如克拉茨明确阐明的那样，人们的衣着显然是用来表示某种意识形态和身份的，但在后现代的观点中，它并不仅限于一个人的服饰。以时尚和服装的形式表达性别是展示它的一种方式。然而，定义一个人的性别身份有很多属性。

澳洲代写论文：性别认同

Post modernism literally means it is the era after the modernism. Post modernism is actually a Pandora box of different definition. It is very difficult to actually box the concept of post modernism. The symbolization of an object has many definitions that depend on the individual’s worldview.  There is also a general discomfort by the traditionalists for the changes in ideologies that this postmodern view brings into the societal norms. Esp. the youth challenge the way in which society is conformed.

“ A criticism that can be made of such post modern accounts of youth style and fashion is that in their attempts to deconstruct earlier structuralists account they simultaneously deconstruct the notion of style as a collective sensibility” (Bennet 2005, p. 103)

For example if a women showed a lot of skin in her clothing she was attributed as someone who is not respectable however in this post modernism era it can be used to represent boldness of a women, the clichés that she is trying to break and express her individualism. (Oatley 2011) In a postmodernism there are factors that are depicted that is not very apparent to the eye. There are a lot of hidden meanings that the individuals are able to find depending on their intellect and worldview.

“The choice of clothes is thus partly about expressing one’s identity. However to simply view the choice of clothes as an expression of ones identity is to a certain extent a too simple way of dealing with a complex question of identity formation” (Kratz 1998, p.194)

As clearly elucidated by Kratz it is apparent that the clothing of a person is used to denote a certain ideology and identity however in the post modern view it is not limited only to the attire of a person. The expression of gender in the form of fashion and clothing is one way of showcasing it. However there is a lot more attributes that go into defining the gender identity of a person.

 

 

澳洲代写assignment：三星在韩国的分析

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澳洲代写assignment：三星在韩国的分析

新兴市场国家的公司需要利用和克服市场上的异同、社会、政治议程、来自非品牌企业的竞争、基础设施不足、现有资源与其他发达市场显著不同(Sheth 2011)。在过去几十年里，韩国市场的发展给市场分析师留下了深刻的印象。韩国的市值为1.2万亿美元。一些分析人士说，通过观察这些数字，韩国甚至可以被认为是一个发达的市场。然而，应该注意的是，它并不像香港或日本那样复杂。对这个国家来说，增长预测是很高的(2011年，第131页)。正是因为这个原因，韩国被定义为一个新兴市场。

三星被认为是韩国的新兴巨头。它占韩国经济总量的20%。在过去几十年里，三星在本土市场上的销量比LG电子(LG electronics)还要好。该公司利用新兴的韩国经济的动态，成为在国内和全球市场发展自己的催化剂。自那以后，三星成为全国领跑者和重要的全球机器、半导体和消费电子公司(Sinha 2005)。它巧妙地解决了世界各地新兴市场和发达市场的问题。

历史:

三星集团成立于1938年。它在韩国成为了国内的领导人。它远远领先于LG和大宇等竞争对手。在韩国市场成为一个市场巨人之后，它开始扩大业务。它在不同的投资组合中开始了国际化进程。它在上世纪70年代末到80年代初进入了国际化进程。三星是半导体电子设备的市场领导者。它在其他领域也有多样化的投资组合(Khanna et al .，2011)。

澳洲代写assignment：三星在韩国的分析

Companies that are developed in emerging markets as emerging multinationals need to exploit and overcome the subjects of marketplace heterogeneousness, social, political agendas, competition from unbranded businesses, insufficient infrastructure, existing resources that are markedly different from the other developed markets to grow (Sheth 2011). The development of the South Korean Markets in the past few decades has impressed the market analysts. The market capitalization of South Korea is $1.2 Trillion. Some analysts say that by looking at the mere numbers, South Korea can even be considered as a developed market. However, it should be noted that it is not as sophisticated like that of Hong Kong or Japan. The growth predictions are high for this country (Gamble 2011, p.p. 131). It is for this reason South Korea is defined as an emerging market.

Samsung is known as the emerging giant of South Korea. It accounts for 20% of the economy of South Korea. In terms of sales Samsung faired better than LG electronics in the indigenous markets in the past few decades. The company has used the dynamics of the emerging Korean economy as a catalyst to develop itself both in the domestic and global markets. Samsung has since become the national frontrunner and an important global player in machines, semiconductors and consumer electronics (Sinha 2005). It has tactfully worked through the issues of emerging markets and developed markets around the world.

Internationalization path of company:

History:

Samsung group was founded in 1938. It emerged as a domestic leader in South Korea. It was way ahead of competitors like LG and Daewoo. After emerging as a market giant in the South Korea market it started to expand operations. It started its internationalization process in different portfolios. It entered its internationalization process in late 1970s to early 1980s. Samsung was the market leader of semiconductor electrical devices. It had diversified its portfolios in other areas as well (Khanna et al., 2011).

澳洲代写论文：环境修复

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澳洲代写论文：环境修复

经济观点认为，随着有关行动已经发生，改变的动机与行为有关。这是对个人在当时采取的行动的追溯责任的强加，他们是合法的。在那段时间里，新西兰政府鼓励他们，反对所谓的公平和公平。

交易成本

在罗托鲁瓦湖的环境修复,鼓励一般税收的使用一个重要因素,而不是单独的用户费用的费用或税收的目标受益者一些特定组织的事务中包含一系列的成本融资机制(威廉姆森2002)。

修复

我们建议，无论是否在国家重要的问题上，在强调政府对该湖的地位的强调方面，上进办法就是其中一种。因此，福利被视为一种公共物品的融合，其中包括旅游和娱乐的重要性。它可以被认为是一个重要的标志，文化上和精神上象征着新西兰对可持续性的承诺。

效率

这是关于第三个关于受益人支付的论点的考虑，是可用的设备的效率。考虑到这两个问题:(a)交易成本的最小化;(b)选择最低经济成本的方式。

澳洲代写论文：环境修复

Millions pumped into crucial Lake Rotorua restoration scheme

The economic perspective proposes that incentives of change with respective to behavior as the concerned action has taken place already. It is an imposition of retrospective liability being put on the individuals in terms of the actions taken at the time, they were lawful. They were encouraged by the government of New Zealand during that time, contradicting to what is understood to be equity and fairness.

Transaction costs

In the context of Lake Rotorua restoration, a significant factor encouraging the usage of general taxation and not the fees of the separate user fees or the targeting of the taxes for some specific groups of beneficiaries is the cost of transaction included in a sequence of mechanisms of funding (Williamson 2002).

Remediation

It is recommended that the superior approach is the one contained in the emphasized area of government approach on the status of the lake whether or not it is nationally important. Therefore, the benefits are treated as an amalgamation of public goods with a number of factors that includes the importance for tourism, and for recreation. It can be considered as an important icon, culturally and spiritually symbolizing the commitment of New Zealand for sustainability.

Efficiency

This is the consideration of the third issue with respect to the argument related to the beneficiary pay is the efficiency of the apparatus available. The two issues are considered: (a) the minimize of transaction costs; and (b) choice of way of having minimum economic cost.