澳洲thesis代写

英文論文寫作:功利主義理論

英文論文寫作:功利主義理論

功利主義理論是密爾在特定原則的基礎上提出的。該原則指出,行為具有促進幸福的傾向,因此是成比例的正確行為;具有產生相反幸福的傾向,則是成比例的錯誤行為。幸福被定義為快樂和沒有或完全沒有痛苦。有人進一步指出,快樂在數量和質量上是不同的。此外,快樂深深紮根於個人的高級官能之中,與較低級的快樂相比,它必須得到更大的重視(密爾67)。還有人認為,實現目標和目標的人,像有道德的生活方式,應該被視為幸福的一個因素。功利主義傾向於與源於人類社會本質的自然情感相一致。因此,如果社會認為接受這一理論是一種倫理價值,那麼個人自然會將這些標準的道德約束力內在化。

在每一種對道德的決定中,公共事業的設想都可以被看作是原則,而在任何地方,無論在日常生活中還是在哲學中出現爭議,這個問題都不能更加確定地得到解決。這與職責範圍有關。這個問題不如確定對人類真正感興趣更確定(密爾23)。在任何特定的錯誤意見的情況下,由於更合理的推理和更深入的經驗提供了公正的概念,所以接受表象之外的觀點往往是普遍的。在人類事務中,在道德的善與惡的界限中,首先是情感的撤回和調整。在大多數道德行為的選擇中,美德似乎與特定行為中快樂的個體數量成比例(密爾113)。從同樣的角度來看,道德上的罪惡與遭受同樣苦難的人數成正比。最好的行動可以被確定為使更多的人獲得更多的幸福。最壞的情況是造成了重大的痛苦。

英文論文寫作:功利主義理論

The theory of utilitarianism has been defined by Mill on the basis of a specific principle. The principle states that actions are proportionately right as they hold the tendency of promoting happiness, and proportionately wrong as they hold the tendency of producing reversed happiness as well. Happiness has been defined as pleasure and the lack or complete absence of pain. It has been further argued that pleasure can be different in terms of quantity and quality. In addition, pleasure have strong roots in the higher faculties of an individual and has to be heavily weighted in comparison with baser pleasures (Mill 67). It has been further argued that the achievement of ends and goals by people, like virtuous lifestyle, should be considered as an element of happiness. Utilitarianism tends to be coinciding alongside with natural sentiments originating from the social nature of humans. Therefore, if society considers embracing this theory as an ethical value, individuals will be naturally internalizing the moral binding of these standards.
In each and every determination of morality, the scenario of public utility can be viewed principles and wherever there is rise of dispute, either in common life or philosophy, the question cannot resolved with increased certainty. This is in concern with the bounds of duty. This question is less certain than the ascertainment of being truly interested in mankind (Mill 23). In case of any specific false opinion, embracing out of appearances tend to be prevailing as sounder reasoning and farther experience are provided with just notions. In human affairs, there is retraction of first sentiment and adjustment in the boundaries of moral evil and good. During the choice of majority of the moral actions, virtue appears to be proportionate to the number of individuals happy from a specific action (Mill 113). From the same perspective, moral vice or evil is proportionately related to the number of individuals suffering from the same. The best action can be identified as the one procuring increased happiness in increased numbers. The worst case scenario is the one in which major misery has been caused.