论文代写价格-LPA信号在人类疾病中的作用

论文代写价格-LPA信号在人类疾病中的作用。ATX将溶血磷脂酰胆碱转化为LPA。它们作用于特定的GPCRs。已经观察到它可以激活多种信号通路(图3)。LPA信号转导的结果取决于先天LPA受体(co-)的表达模式和组织环境。LPA的细胞反应包括刺激细胞迁移、存活和增殖过程。ATX和LPA信号异常是机体多种疾病的根本原因。缺血缺氧在心肌梗死过程中对心肌细胞的损伤起着重要的作用。LPA可保护多种细胞类型免受缺氧诱导的凋亡。LPA还有助于肿瘤和癌症的进展。1993年首次报道LPA可诱导体外肿瘤细胞侵袭(30)。随后的研究分析表明，LPA是体内许多肿瘤进展的因果变量。血管生成是辅助肿瘤生长的重要机制，为肿瘤生长提供氧气和营养支持。血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)是肿瘤细胞产生的主要因子。接下来论文范文论文代写价格-LPA信号在人类疾病中的作用分享给留学生阅读。

ATX converts lysophosphatidylcholine into LPA. They act on specific GPCRs. It has been observed to activate multiple signaling pathways (figure 3). The outcome of LPA signaling depends on the innate LPA receptor (co-)expression patterns and tissue context. The cellular responses of LPA include stimulation of cell migration, survival and in the proliferation process. Abnormal ATX and LPA signaling are the root causes of many conditions in the body. Ischemia and hypoxia plays an integral role in causing damage to cardiac myocytes during myocardialinfarction. LPA protects many kinds of cell types from hypoxia-induced apoptosis.
These include cardiac myocytes, renalcells and mesenchymal stem cells to name a few (24-25). Experiments showed that LPAR1 and LPAR3 contribute to hypertrophic response. It executed through activation of Gi and multiple downstream effectors. These include Rho, PI3K/Akt, and NF-kB. It is observed in vivo and in vitro (26, 27). LPA suppresses is oprenaline induced the cell shortening. It enables by the activation of LPA1 or LPA3 in a PTX sensitive action. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity is also increased by LPA in cardiacmyocytes, then incraing the utilization and in the deposition of lipids. These subsequently lead to contractility impairment (28). Many studies seem to suggest that significant contribution of genetic or biological factors is found in the psychiatric disorders. LPA aids to the progression of some of the psychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorders, even though it has the potential to alter the physiology of neurons, glial cells and their related progenitors (29). LPA also aids to the progression of tumors and cancers. The first report of LPA which can induce in vitro tumor cell invasion was documented in 1993 (30). Subsequent research analysis indicates that LPA is the causal variables for many of the tumor progressions in the body.Angiogenesis is important mechanism that aids towards tumor growth, therefore for supplying oxygen and nutrition to support tumor growth.Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the major factor that is yielded by the tumor cells. It leads to further amplification of angiogenesis. Inhibition of VEGF could lead to the impediment of the tumor progression (31). Evidence is emerging that LPA signaling contributes to psychiatric disorders. Long-term spatial memory related to LPA pathway was reported by Dash et al. (32). The LPA concentration also states that significant amount of LPA is in the rat brain (33). In the process of the rearrangement of synaptic connections to form neuronal plasticity, neurite retraction and outgrowth is required. This is regulated by LPA signaling pathway (34).LPA1-4 is expressed in ovary and LPA4 expression is observed to be higher in ovary when compared to any other tissue in human. Hormonal stimulation resulted in increasing autotaxin activity in women ovaries (35). LPA/prostaglandin signaling indicates that they have an important role it plays in the embryonic development and maintenance of pregnancy in sheep and pig. The role of LPA signaling in found to be reproduction (36, 37). Research indicates that LPA has significant involvement in male and female reproductive systems.

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