essay 評判：藥物專利
essay 評判：藥物專利
專利旨在促進社會的集體健康，為新的和正在出現的疾病帶來新的藥物，政府為製藥商提供了顯著的排他性，這是一個合理的交易。這種排他性有時不利於社會，而不是成為救世主(蘭德斯，2012)。因此，專利的純粹意圖是通過持續的研發投資，不斷地提供創新藥物，發明人因此獲得專利。是的，如果基礎研究從私人實驗室轉移到大學，製藥行業的表現會更好。這是因為專利已經成為了一種創造利潤的工具，在它被終止之前，為利潤而使用藥物的威脅和在非專利藥物中表現出的冷漠將不會停止。大學更有道德，會以道德為基礎開展研究，儘管嚴格的監督將是不可否認和不可否認的必要條件。將研究轉移到大學將不允許製藥公司依靠他們的“通過專利的利潤動機”的做法，而是花更多的時間在研究創新的藥物，這將是與眾不同的。
創新的能量將被投入到“過剩”的專利制度，因為利潤動機將鼓勵他們發明不同於所有的藥物。轉移到大學的研究更可靠，因為研究人員和大學教授的一致性將使這種藥物的生產效率更高。製藥公司變得貪婪，利用專利繼續追求利潤。這可以證明考慮到貧窮國家，例如，艾滋病/艾滋病毒藥物的成本約為15,000美元，而在印度和巴西生產的同一種藥物的仿製成本約為250- 300美元(Shiva, 2002)。這種價格差異是一個指標，表明製藥公司如何為專利藥定價過高，並禁止在市場上自由銷售仿製藥。因此，許多專利藥物並沒有到達貧窮國家，特別是非洲國家的艾滋病毒藥物，那裡有很多這樣的病人。價格限制了這些國家的購買行為，因此這些公司，甚至以人道主義為理由，與不支持延長生命的艾滋病毒感染者玩。
essay 評判：藥物專利
Patents are meant to further the collective health of society, bring in new medicines for new and emerging diseases, and it is a reasonable bargain that the government provides a significant exclusivity to drug makers. This exclusivity is sometimes detrimental for society, instead of being a saviour (Landers, 2012). Thus, patents pure intent is to keep delivering path breaking drugs through consistent investment in research and development, for which the inventor is rewarded with a patent. Yes, pharmaceutical industry would perform better if basic research is moved from private laboratories to universities. This is because patent has become an instrument of profit generation, and until it is terminated the menace of using drugs for profit and showing lethargy in non-patentable drugs will not stop. Universities are more ethical and would perform research on moral grounds, though a strict surveillance would be undeniably and admittedly essential. Moving the research to universities will disallow pharmaceutical companies to rely on their ‘profit motive through patent’ practice and instead spend more time in researching path breaking drugs which will be distinguished from all.
The creative energies will be invested in ‘excess’ of what is invested currently in the regime of patent, because profit motive will encourage them to invent drugs which are different from all. The research moving to universities is more reliable as the coherence of researchers and university professors will make the drug even more productive. Pharmaceutical companies have become greedy and use patent to continue pursuing profits. This can be proven considering poor countries, as for example, AIDS/HIV drugs cost about $15,000 and the same drug manufactured generically in India and Brazil cost about $250-$300 (Shiva, 2002). The price difference is one indicator of how pharmaceutical companies fix exorbitant prices for patented drugs, and disallow generic medicines to be freely sold in the market. As a result, many of the patented drugs do not reach poor countries, especially the HIV drug in African countries where the number of such patients is plenty. The price restricts these countries to make a purchase, hence the companies, even on humanity grounds, play with HIV victims not supporting to prolong their lives.
