澳洲代写论文：经济学

澳洲代写论文：经济学

定义“主导策略”和“纳什均衡”。收益矩阵（上）表示纳什均衡存在吗？解释你的答案。

如果不考虑其他玩家的作用，该策略就被称为占优势，该策略能够使玩家获得比任何其他玩家更大的收益或利润。主导策略总是优于任何其他策略。纳什均衡是指在博弈理论中有效使用的术语，作为平衡状态，当所有其他公司的策略得到时，每个玩家的策略最大化。收益矩阵不表示纳什均衡，因为一个企业在将策略从4美元变为3美元时趋于收益（Economics.fundamentalfinance.com，2015）。

定义勾结上述情况是否有助于勾结？为什么串通安排往往不稳定？解释你的答案。

在经济方面，串通可以被定义为两个或多个方之间的协议，通过欺骗，误导或趋向于获得不公平的市场优势来限制公开竞争（Google Books，2015）。企业分拆市场，制定价格或限制生产活动，从而避免竞争对手的压力。上图表示，当两家公司将价格定为4美元时，有相互冲突的动机，它们往往会获得更多的利润。降低价格可能导致企业之间的竞争加剧，并降低了他们希望避免的矩阵的第四个单元格所示的利润。

协议协议通常是不稳定的，因为协议中的每个成员可以通过违反协议而获得更多的利益。如果监督企业是否遵守协议是困难的，这样就有机会摆脱更长的利润。所以成员更容易作弊，协议变得不稳定（Google Books，2015）。

澳洲代写论文：经济学

Define the terms “Dominant Strategy” and “Nash equilibrium”. Does the pay off matrix (above) indicate that Nash equilibrium exists? Explain your answer.

A strategy is said to be dominant if regardless of what other player does, the strategy is capable to earn the player a larger payoff or profit than any other. Dominant strategy is always preferable than any other strategy. Nash Equilibrium refers to a term which is used effectively in game theory as an equilibrium situation where the strategy of each player is maximum when the strategies of all other firms are given. The payoff matrix does not indicate a Nash equilibrium as one firm tends to gain while changing the strategy from price $4 to $3 (Economics.fundamentalfinance.com, 2015).

Define Collusion. Does the above situation provide an incentive to collude?  Why are collusive arrangements often unstable? Explain your answer.

In economic terms, collusion can be defined as an agreement between two or more parties to restrict open competition by deceiving, misguiding or tends to gain an unfair market advantage (Google Books, 2015).  It is an arrangement among the firms to divide the market, set the prices or limit production activities and thus avoid pressure from competitors. The above diagram represents that there is an incentive to collide as when both the firms to fix the price at $4, they will tend to gain more profit. Reducing the price may lead to increase in competition among the firms and reduce profit which is shown in the fourth cell of the matrix, which they would like to avoid.

Collusive agreements are often unstable as each member of the agreement can make more profit by breaking the agreement than it could by abiding by the agreement. If monitoring whether the firms are abiding by the agreement or not is difficult this gives the firm opportunity to get away and make higher profits for longer. So members are more prone to cheat and the agreement tends to become unstable (Google Books, 2015).